Ultimately, challenges and issues that arise in the clinical supply chain are rarely standalone. A delay in activation can shift resupply timing. A transport disruption can compress stability windows. Protocol amendments can suddenly change demand.

SMOs help reduce operational fragmentation through their various key functions, and given today’s trial site landscape, they now play a major role in supporting multi-center and international studies.

The need to evaluate both costs and benefits of healthcare interventions has made Health Economics and Outcomes Research increasingly important in healthcare today.